通勤學英語 15Mins Today

-----------------------------------🎧 通勤學英語 VIP 專區 & 🚀 線上課程-----------------------------------💡 想要更自然的提升英語力？加入VIP會員，獲得專屬內容與優惠！- 立即加入VIP方案 →https://open.firstory.me/join/15minstoday- VIP訂閱常見問題 →https://15minsengcafe.pse.is/5cjptb🔥 社會人核心英語有聲書課程→https://15minsengcafe.pse.is/554esm-------------------------------🌎 15Mins.Today 相關連結-------------------------------💬 你的想法很重要！留言分享 → 留言連結Web：www.15mins.todayYouTube：https://15minsengcafe.pse.is/3rhuuy商業合作/贊助來信：15minstoday@gmail.com意見回覆 : ask15mins@gmail.com--------------------------------------------📜 單集逐字稿 & 內容摘要（播放器字數有限，完整逐字稿請到官網查看）--------------------------------------------幕後教師室：從軍事紀律探索學習英語的堅持力在最新一集的「幕後教師室」中，我與阿鍵老師分享了一本啟發人心的書籍《Make Your Bed》，探討如何將軍事紀律應用於日常生活和英語學習中。本集節目透過輕鬆對談的方式，為那些可能正在「掉隊」或失去學習動力的通勤家族們帶來振奮人心的建議。當兵經驗與人生智慧的連結我作為僑民一男雖沒有當兵經驗，但他透過美國海軍上將William H. McRaven的著作《Make Your Bed》分享了軍事訓練中值得我們借鏡的生活哲學。這本書的副標題「小事情可以改變你的人生，甚至改變世界」（Little things that can change your life and maybe the world），點出了本集節目的核心信息：從小事做起，累積成就感，建立自律的生活態度。從「鋪床」開始的自律人生書中提出的第一個核心觀念便是「以完成任務開始新的一天」。每天早上起床後的第一個任務——鋪好自己的床，看似微不足道，卻能為一整天奠定積極的基調。這種「晨間儀式」（Morning Ritual）的重要性在於，即使當天遇到各種挫折，晚上回到家時，至少還能看到自己完成的一件事。阿鍵老師也補充，這種簡單的儀式能夠讓我們在每天開始時獲得小小的成就感，使一整天能夠過得更順利。這也提醒我們學習英語時，或許可以設定一個簡單的晨間學習任務，為自己的語言學習之旅奠定積極的基礎。團隊支持的力量節目中還分享了書中另一個重要觀念：「你不能獨自完成一切事情」。無論你是獨立工作者還是企業領袖，都需要尋找能夠支持你的人。這些人可能是在工作上給予你幫助的同事，也可能是在生活中給你能量的朋友或家人。我強調了不同類型朋友在我們生活中扮演的角色：有些是能理解你內心掙扎的靈魂伴侶，有些則是能與你一同享受美食的夥伴，還有一些則是能激發你競爭意識的對手。在學習英語的過程中，找到志同道合的學習夥伴或支持系統也同樣重要。接受生活不公平，勇往直前「生活並不公平」是書中另一個核心觀念。阿鍵老師指出，接受這一點能幫助我們在努力時不容易受到打擊。當我們看到他人似乎毫不費力就取得成功時，不應浪費精力在抱怨上，而是專注於自己的進步。我在這集分享了一個高中時期表現優異但大學卻頻繁換系的同學故事，說明有時看似順利的人生也會遇到挑戰。這提醒我們，不要因為別人看起來學得比我們快而放棄，每個人都有自己的學習節奏和挑戰。用行動激勵他人節目最後，我們強調了「通過自己的行動來鼓舞他人」的重要性。他回顧了15Mins podcast五年前起步時幾乎沒有聽眾的日子，但持續製作內容的堅持最終不僅建立了「通勤家族」社群，也激勵了其他podcaster，包括阿鍵老師。這正是McRaven上將書中的核心理念之一：當我們堅持做對的事情時，我們的行動會傳遞能量給周圍的人。希望鼓勵聽眾們可以養成記錄學習心得的習慣，例如在社群媒體上分享每天從15Mins學到的句子，加上#15min標籤，隨著時間累積，這不僅能看到自己的進步，也可能激勵他人一同學習。堅持到底，見證成長「堅持到底」是本集的最後忠告。我們想提醒家族們，只有對自己有耐心，才能看到成長。對於那些正在猶豫是否要「掉隊」的通勤家族成員，兩位老師熱情邀請大家隨時透過留言分享困惑，他們願意伸出援手，協助大家重拾學習動力。想體驗更多學習英語的樂趣和激勵？別錯過每週六的幕後教師室，讓John老師和阿鍵老師陪伴你，一起在英語學習的道路上堅持不懈！

博幼秉持教育脫貧，讓知識帶希望回家的願景，致力提升偏鄉弱勢孩子的學習，讓孩童未來有選擇職業和生活的能力。博幼基金會策略主軸-教育服務-社工輔導-畢業生追蹤提供出身逆境的孩子完整陪伴，教育脫貧懇請大家一同支持❤️▶️️ https://fstry.pse.is/7fu2e9—— 以上為 FMTaiwan 與 Firstory Podcast 廣告 ——114年度租金補貼受理申請自114年1月1日上午9時至12月31日下午5時止，隨到隨辦，還可以線上申請超方便詳情請上內政部國土管理署網站查詢：https://pip.moi.gov.tw/Publicize/Info/B1020以上廣告由內政部國土管理署提供—— 廣告由播客煮企劃上架 ——-----------------------------------🎧 通勤學英語 VIP 專區 & 🚀 線上課程-----------------------------------💡 想要更自然的提升英語力？加入VIP會員，獲得專屬內容與優惠！- 立即加入VIP方案 →https://open.firstory.me/join/15minstoday- VIP訂閱常見問題 →https://15minsengcafe.pse.is/5cjptb🔥 社會人核心英語有聲書課程→https://15minsengcafe.pse.is/554esm-------------------------------🌎 15Mins.Today 相關連結-------------------------------💬 你的想法很重要！留言分享 → 留言連結Web：www.15mins.todayYouTube：https://15minsengcafe.pse.is/3rhuuy商業合作/贊助來信：15minstoday@gmail.com意見回覆 : ask15mins@gmail.com--------------------------------------------📜 單集逐字稿 & 內容摘要（播放器字數有限，完整逐字稿請到官網查看）--------------------------------------------Summary:Vegan meat companies are doing great globally and are set to keep growing, improving the health of people and the environment.Source article: https://www.15mins.today/blog/604-beyond-meat-fattens-up-as-shares-more-than-double-in-ipoVocabulary and Sample Sentence:Purveyor n. : person/company that supplies something- Is Apple the purveyor of the iPhone?- Do purveyors of cars have to work hard?Predict v. : say something will happen in the future- Can people predict the future?- Do people believe fortune tellers?Appeal v. : a quality that makes something attractive- Do new products appeal to people?- What is the appeal of big televisions?

-----------------------------------🎧 通勤學英語 VIP 專區 & 🚀 線上課程-----------------------------------💡 想要更自然的提升英語力？加入VIP會員，獲得專屬內容與優惠！- 立即加入VIP方案 →https://open.firstory.me/join/15minstoday- VIP訂閱常見問題 →https://15minsengcafe.pse.is/5cjptb- VIP會員想許願哪些主題？ →https://forms.gle/xyHoPydBr6LLFL9q8🔥 社會人核心英語有聲書課程→https://15minsengcafe.pse.is/554esm-------------------------------🌎 15Mins.Today 相關連結-------------------------------💬 你的想法很重要！留言分享 → 留言連結Web：www.15mins.todayYouTube：https://15minsengcafe.pse.is/3rhuuy商業合作/贊助來信：15minstoday@gmail.com意見回覆 : ask15mins@gmail.com--------------------------------------------📜 單集逐字稿 & 內容摘要（播放器字數有限，完整逐字稿請到官網查看）--------------------------------------------「猜猜我今天看到誰了？」這句話背後隱藏著怎樣的故事呢？本週的《英語咖啡館》John老師和詩敏老師為您帶來一首扣人心弦的爵士經典《Guess Who I Saw Today》，由備受矚目的25歲新星Samara Joy演繹，這位年輕才女和之前介紹過的林冰 Laufey 相似，甚至更加驚人，僅25歲就已獲得五座葛萊美獎！而今天這首自1952年以來已被翻唱23次的經典歌曲《Guess Who I Saw Today》，以其獨特的敘事風格和故事性聞名，絕對會讓你印象深刻。“Guess who I saw today?”What kind of story is hidden behind this simple question?In this episode of English Café, John and Shimin bring you a soulful jazz classic — “Guess Who I Saw Today”, performed by the incredibly talented Samara Joy. At just 25 years old, Samara has already won five Grammy Awards, and she’s often compared to Laufey, whom we’ve featured before — but some say she’s even more extraordinary!Originally released in 1952, this song has been covered 23 times and is known for its unique storytelling and emotional depth. Don’t miss this moving musical journey and the chance to learn English through its beautiful lyrics and rich narrative.

本集節目由【zZSLEEPER 忘憂枕】贊助播出「忘憂枕」為物理治療師與醫師設計製作 ，為涼感親水棉聚氨酯材質，集結市售常見三大枕頭的優點，記憶枕支撐度、乳膠枕柔軟度、羽絨枕透氣度。忘憂枕上下兩邊以不同弧度設計，以符合男女不同的肩寬，左右兩邊適合側睡，不管是正躺、側睡及男女不同體型，都能讓您的頸椎在最舒適角度，是一顆集結各種優點的全方位枕頭。💤忘憂枕是涼感親水棉聚氨酯材質💤集合支撐、柔軟和透氣度3大優點💤通過最嚴格歐盟檢驗標準197項💤兼具男女不同體型設計的枕頭粉絲52折專屬優惠 ：https://s.add.one/7d3a42（品牌限定優惠，請使用 Fb、Line、手機號碼 登入，即可看到專屬優惠價-----------------------------------🎧 通勤學英語 VIP 專區 & 🚀 線上課程-----------------------------------💡 想要更自然的提升英語力？加入VIP會員，獲得專屬內容與優惠！- 立即加入VIP方案 →https://open.firstory.me/join/15minstoday- VIP訂閱常見問題 →https://15minsengcafe.pse.is/5cjptb🔥 社會人核心英語有聲書課程→https://15minsengcafe.pse.is/554esm-------------------------------🌎 15Mins.Today 相關連結-------------------------------💬 你的想法很重要！留言分享 → 留言連結Web：www.15mins.todayYouTube：https://15minsengcafe.pse.is/3rhuuy商業合作/贊助來信：15minstoday@gmail.com意見回覆 : ask15mins@gmail.com--------------------------------------------📜 單集逐字稿 & 內容摘要（播放器字數有限，完整逐字稿請到官網查看）--------------------------------------------國際時事跟讀 Ep.K975: Deadly Quake Rocks MyanmarHighlights 主題摘要：- Myanmar's position at the intersection of four tectonic plates makes it extremely vulnerable to powerful earthquakes with devastating consequences.- The "super shear" earthquake traveled faster than normal seismic waves, causing destruction even 1,000km away in Bangkok.- The earthquake has worsened Myanmar's humanitarian crisis, with millions affected and international aid efforts complicated by ongoing civil conflict.The catastrophic 7.7 magnitude earthquake that struck Myanmar on March 28 has claimed over 3,000 lives and devastated communities across Southeast Asia. Centered near Mandalay, Myanmar's second-largest city, this shallow earthquake occurred just 10km below the surface, allowing intense seismic activity to spread far beyond the immediate impact zone.這場於3月28日襲擊緬甸的7.7級災難性地震已奪走超過3,000條生命，並摧毀了東南亞多個社區。震央位於緬甸第二大城市曼德勒附近，這次淺層地震發生在地表下僅10公里處，使得強烈的地震活動得以擴散至遠超即時衝擊區域的地方。Myanmar's unique geological position at the intersection of four tectonic plates—the Eurasian, Indian, Sunda, and Burma microplate—makes it extraordinarily vulnerable to seismic events. The earthquake originated along the Sagaing fault, a massive 1,200km crack running north-south through the country. Scientists have classified this as a rare "super shear" earthquake, where the rupture traveled at approximately 5km per second—faster than seismic waves can move through the earth. This phenomenon created a buildup of energy that propelled southward, explaining why tremors were felt with such intensity in Bangkok, over 1,000km from the epicenter. The Thai capital's soft soil foundation further amplified these seismic waves, intensifying the ground movement and causing the dramatic collapse of an unfinished high-rise building.緬甸位於四個板塊交會處的獨特地質位置—歐亞板塊（Eurasian）、印度板塊（Indian）、巽他板塊（Sunda）和緬甸板塊（Burma microplate）—使其極易受到地震事件的影響。這次地震起源沿著實皆斷層（Sagaing fault）發生，這是一條貫穿該國南北長達1,200公里的巨大裂縫。科學家將此歸類為罕見的「超剪切」地震，破裂以約每秒5公里的速度在其中傳播—比地震波在地球中移動的速度更快。這種現象造成能量積累並向南推進，解釋了為何在震央以外超過1,000公里的曼谷仍能感受到如此強烈的震動。泰國首都的軟土基礎進一步放大了這些地震波，加劇了地面運動並導致一座未完工的高層建築物戲劇性地倒塌。The humanitarian crisis continues to escalate daily as recovery efforts reveal more victims. Myanmar's Information Minister reports 4,589 injuries and 221 people still missing. According to UN assessments, over 17 million people across 57 townships have been affected, with more than 9 million facing severe impact. The healthcare system has been crippled, with four hospitals completely destroyed and another 32 partially damaged. International medical teams, including mobile hospitals from India and a joint Russian-Belarusian facility, have begun operations in Mandalay, but access to healthcare remains nearly impossible in many devastated areas.隨著救援工作發現更多受害者，人道主義危機每天持續升級。緬甸新聞部長報告有4,589人受傷，221人仍然失蹤。根據聯合國評估，超過57個鎮區的1,700多萬人受到影響，其中900多萬人面臨嚴重影響。醫療系統已經癱瘓，四家醫院完全被摧毀，另有32家部分受損。國際醫療隊伍，包括來自印度的移動醫院和俄羅斯-白俄羅斯聯合設施，已經在曼德勒開始運作，但在許多受災嚴重的地區，獲得醫療服務仍然幾乎不可能。The earthquake has compounded Myanmar's existing humanitarian emergency. Since the military seized power in 2021, the country has been embroiled in civil conflict, with over 3 million people already displaced before the disaster. In response to the crisis, the military government has announced a temporary ceasefire until April 22, with several opposition groups declaring similar pauses in fighting. However, local media reports suggest clashes continue in some regions, particularly in Kachin state.這次地震加劇了緬甸現有的人道主義緊急情況。自從2021年軍方奪取政權以來，該國一直捲入內戰，災難發生前已有超過300萬人流離失所。為應對危機，軍政府宣布暫時停火至4月22日，數個反對組織也宣布類似的戰鬥暫停。然而，當地媒體報導顯示，某些地區，特別是克欽邦（Kachin state），衝突仍在繼續。As temperatures reach 40°C, emergency shelters are being hastily constructed in open fields to house those displaced. International aid is arriving, with supplies and rescue teams from 17 countries now operating alongside local efforts. UN Secretary-General António Guterres has appointed special envoys to assess the situation and has urgently appealed for increased international funding, warning that "the earthquake has supercharged the suffering" in a country already facing extreme challenges, with the approaching monsoon season threatening to further complicate recovery efforts.當氣溫達到 40°C 時，緊急避難所正在開闊地帶匆忙搭建，以安置那些流離失所的人。國際援助正在抵達，來自17個國家的物資和救援隊伍現在正與當地努力共同運作。聯合國秘書長安東尼歐・古特瑞斯已任命特使評估情況，並緊急呼籲增加國際資金，警告「地震已經加劇了痛苦」，在一個已經面臨極端挑戰的國家，即將到來的雨季威脅則進一步使恢復工作複雜化。Keyword Drills 關鍵字：- Catastrophic (Cat-a-stroph-ic) [adjective. causing terrible damage]: The catastrophic 7.7 magnitude earthquake that struck Myanmar on March 28 has claimed over 3,000 lives and devastated communities across Southeast Asia.- Rupture (Rup-ture) [noun. a break or burst]: The rupture traveled at approximately 5km per second—faster than seismic waves can move through the earth.- Humanitarian (Hu-man-i-tar-i-an) [adjective. connected to improving people's lives and reducing suffering]: The humanitarian crisis continues to escalate daily as recovery efforts reveal more victims.- Devastated (Dev-as-tat-ed) [verb. completely destroyed or damaged]: The healthcare system has been devastated, with four hospitals completely destroyed and another 32 partially damaged.- Constructed (Con-struct-ed) [verb. built or made]: Emergency shelters are being hastily constructed in open fields to house those displaced.Reference article:1. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8d4dn18nzgo2. https://apnews.com/article/myanmar-thailand-earthquake-71d51dfc7339e017b1d116c105effab4

-----------------------------------🎧 通勤學英語 VIP 專區 & 🚀 線上課程-----------------------------------💡 想要更自然的提升英語力？加入VIP會員，獲得專屬內容與優惠！- 立即加入VIP方案 →https://open.firstory.me/join/15minstoday- VIP訂閱常見問題 →https://15minsengcafe.pse.is/5cjptb🔥 社會人核心英語有聲書課程→https://15minsengcafe.pse.is/554esm-------------------------------🌎 15Mins.Today 相關連結-------------------------------💬 你的想法很重要！留言分享 → 留言連結Web：www.15mins.todayYouTube：https://15minsengcafe.pse.is/3rhuuy商業合作/贊助來信：15minstoday@gmail.com意見回覆 : ask15mins@gmail.com--------------------------------------------📜 單集逐字稿 & 內容摘要（播放器字數有限，完整逐字稿請到官網查看）--------------------------------------------Topic: Alleviate dry eyes with massage and good nutritionIf you are an office worker who sits in front of a computer screen all day, and after work swipes away on your mobile phone, plays on a Nintendo Switch or other electronic devices, you are at risk of “diseases of affluence,” including tired and sore eyes. To avoid dry eye syndrome, in addition to resting your eyes, you can use eye massage techniques and eat nutritious foods to alleviate the symptoms.上班時常常看電腦螢幕工作，下班又滑手機、玩switch等3C用品，現代文明病「眼睛疲勞、痠痛」，就這樣無聲無息進入生活。如果想擺脫眼睛乾澀的症狀，除了讓眼睛多休息，跟著眼科醫生教學的眼部按摩法減緩不適，營養師也分享對眼睛乾澀有幫助的食物。Smartphone addicts and office workers glued to screens all day often go for long periods without blinking; this can lead to tiredness, dry eye syndrome and sore eyes. According to ophthalmologist Wang Meng-chi, getting a good night’s sleep and using a steam eye mask can help. However, Wang also recommends massaging acupressure points around the eye area, including the eyebrows, between and at the tips of the eyebrows, the temples, below the eye sockets and the corners of the eyes near the bridge of the nose. Wang advises massaging each of these areas in turn to relieve discomfort.低頭族、上班族久看螢幕，眼睛時常會忘記眨眼，造成疲勞、乾澀或痠痛的症狀，眼科醫師王孟祺說：「充足的睡眠、熱敷可以幫助減緩痠痛。」並教學如何按摩眼部穴道，包括眉頭、眉心、眉毛尾端、太陽穴、眼眶下緣中間，還有內眼角的位置，輪流按壓這些部位，可以減緩眼睛不適。In addition to massaging the eye area, nutritionist Kao Min-min also recommends eating certain foods, such as seasonal watermelon, which contains 90 percent water, and vegetables such as gherkin, cucumber and winter melon to relieve dry eye syndrome. Kao also recommends eating deep-sea fish such as salmon, tuna, Pacific saury and mackerel, which are rich in fish oils and can reduce inflammation, one to three times a week. Vegetable oil-containing foods such as nuts are also beneficial to eye health, Kao adds.除了眼部按摩方法能舒緩疲勞症狀，營養師高敏敏也分享幾個對眼睛乾澀有幫助的食物，像是現在夏天當季的西瓜有百分之九十的含水量，蔬菜的話像是小黃瓜、大黃瓜、冬瓜。油脂的部分，建議大家一周可以吃一至三次的深海魚，包含鮭魚、鮪魚、秋刀魚、鯖魚，裡面的魚油可以降發炎。植物性的油脂，如堅果，對眼睛也有益處。Kao says a lack of vitamin A can increase the severity of dry eye syndrome so, in addition to taking in more oil-rich foods, she recommends supplementing the diet with starchy foods such as sweet potato or pumpkin, vegetables such as red and yellow peppers, fruits such as papaya, watermelon or cantaloupe melon and berry fruits such as blueberries. All of these foods contain anthocyanin, says Kao, which has antioxidant properties and is excellent at reducing inflammation.除了油脂的攝取，高敏敏也補充：「維生素A的低下，有可能會讓眼睛的乾澀更加嚴重，所以可以補充像是澱粉類的地瓜、南瓜，蔬菜類的紅椒、黃椒，或者是木瓜、西瓜、哈密瓜以及藍莓等莓果類，這些含有花青素的食材，對於抗氧化能力、降低發炎的反應也很強。」Source article: https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2020/07/15/2003739918Next ArticleTopic: Thai mangosteens a gigantic hit in Taiwan泰國農業部主任Surmsuk Salakpetch表示，台灣自2003年禁止山竹進口，15年後終於在今年九月開放進口，泰國山竹一進口就在台灣造成轟動，對於泰國水國出口商無疑是一大福音。It’s the sweet smell of success for Thai fruit exporters: Thai mangosteens have become an instant hit among Taiwanese consumers after the fruit went on sale there for the first time in 15 years, Department of Agriculture director-general Surmsuk Salakpetch said.Surmsuk說道：「台灣媒體報導，台灣人排隊搶購泰國山竹。而且第一批980公斤重的山竹30分鐘就被掃購一空。」“The Taiwanese press reported that consumers queued up to buy mangosteen from Thailand,” she said. “The first lot of 980 kilogrammes was sold out in only 30 minutes.另外，Surmsuk補充：「一箱裡面四個山竹賣200泰銖（約台幣203元）。」”Each box of four mangosteens was sold at Bt200 (NT$203),” Surmsuk added.她說道：「市場出乎意料的熱烈反應顯示這是泰國出口商的大好機會。自從九月五日起，泰國公司已經出口價值2千萬泰銖（約台幣2034萬元），逾10萬公斤的山竹到台灣。」“The unexpected positive response has proved a good opportunity for Thai exporters,” she said. “Since September 5, Thai entrepreneurs have exported 100,533kg of mangosteens to Taiwan, worth more than Bt20 million.”她進一步指出，在過去十五年來台灣禁止進口山竹，是因為來自東南亞的山竹帶有害蟲果實蠅，因此，這次重新開放進口山竹，台灣要求所有來自泰國的山竹必須經過蒸汽消毒，以除去所有的果實蠅。According to the director-general, Taiwan’s import standards require Thai mangosteens to undergo a steam treatment for decontamination and eradication of fruit flies – the latter being the reason why Taiwan had been rejecting fruits from Thailand for the past 15 years.Surmsuk表示：「我們已經發展了一套消毒山竹的技術，以攝氏46度高溫持續58分鐘蒸熟果實核心，這樣不僅能夠維持山竹最佳品質，也能夠符合台灣動植物防疫檢疫局的檢疫條件。」“We have developed a technique to treat mangosteens at 46 degrees Celsius for 58 minutes, which is the optimal temperature and time so the taste of the fruits is not ruined, while meeting the requirements of the Taiwan Plant and Animal Disease Prevention and Quarantine Office,” said Surmsuk.「我很開心雖然台灣人過去長達15年都沒辦法嚐到泰國山竹，但他們依然記得這個「果后」的甜美滋味。這讓我對於想要抓住台灣市場的泰國水果商感到非常有信心。」她說道。“I am glad that although Taiwanese people haven’t been able to enjoy Thai mangosteens for 15 years, they still remember the exquisite taste of this ‘queen of fruit’,” she said. “This makes me confident that there’s a bright future ahead for Thai fruit exporters, who are aiming to capture the Taiwanese market.”Source article: https://chinapost.nownews.com/20190924-761271Next ArticleA Race Against the SunIt was a long, hot summer, like most in the San Joaquin Valley. The pistachio trees planted in orderly rows — and the growers who nurture them — are accustomed to harsh conditions. With their deep roots and tough, gnarly branches, pistachio trees are hardy, tolerant of salty soils and brutal heat waves. Some can live for centuries.美國加州聖華金谷這個夏天又熱又長，跟以往大多時候一樣。成排種植的開心果樹和果農都已習慣嚴苛的環境。開心果樹根札得深，枝幹粗壯扭曲，耐得住寒冷、含鹽土壤和逼人的熱浪。有的能活好幾個世紀。But while sweltering summers are the norm in this part of central California, there’s a new, existential threat to these trees, one that scientists warn could spell the end of the pistachio harvest: warmer winters. Many crops are facing similar threats as agricultural regions across the world experience previously unseen extremes in heat, rain and drought.雖然加州中部這塊地方夏天本就悶熱，這些果樹卻面臨一種新的生存威脅，科學家警告說，這種威脅可能意味再也沒有開心果可以收成，那就是冬天變暖。世界各地農業區正經歷前所未見的熱浪、暴雨及乾旱，許多其他作物面臨類似危機。Chilly winters are critical to nut and fruit trees, particularly pistachios. To break their slumber and spread their pollen, pistachios need to spend about 850 hours, or five weeks, at temperatures below 45 degrees.寒冷的冬天對堅果和水果樹十分重要，尤其是開心果。為了打破休眠狀態並散播花粉，開心果必須有850小時，亦即五周左右，處在華氏45度（攝氏7.2度）以下。So as the San Joaquin Valley warms and its cooling fogs retreat, growers have found their orchards out of sync: Many male trees are no longer producing pollen when the females need it.所以當聖華金谷逐步回暖，冷霧消退時，農民發現果園出了狀況：雌樹需要雄樹授粉時，許多雄樹卻不再產生花粉。After suffering a billion-dollar loss from a recent warm winter, California pistachio growers don’t need much convincing that their livelihoods are endangered by climate change. Heeding warnings that the industry may not survive past the middle of the century, they are among the world’s earliest adapters. Scientists are wrangling and crossing genes to breed trees that can survive a warmer world, and growers are hedging their bets by planting experimental trees that need fewer chilly days.加州開心果農因為最近一次暖冬而損失十億美元後，無需勸說也明白生計受到氣候變遷威脅。他們把這個產業可能撐不到本世紀下半的警告聽了進去，成為世上最早開始調整的群體之一。科學家把植物聚合在一起並使之雜交，以培育更能適應高溫的樹種，果農也同時種植需要寒冷天數較少的實驗樹種，藉以避險。“There’s a lot to be said about traditional knowledge. But this is new territory,” said Rebecca Carter of the World Resources Institute, a nonprofit research group that is working with growers around the world to adapt to the threats of climate change, including warmer winters, dried-up aquifers and record-breaking heat waves.非營利組織世界資源研究所的麗貝卡．卡特說：「傳統知識有很多好處，不過這是新領域。」這個研究所與世界各地農民合作，幫助他們應對氣候變遷的威脅，包括冬天變暖、地下蓄水層枯竭與熱浪空前。Scientists in 2013 urged “immediate adaptation” by farmers to ensure that they can feed the 10 billion people expected to inhabit the planet by 2050. They warned in a study that world hunger would worsen as crop yields declined, pests and diseases increased, water demand skyrocketed and highly vulnerable crops vanished. “The whole food system needs to change,” according to the report published in the journal Science.科學家2013年就呼籲農民「立刻調整作法」，以確保料將在2050年前達到100億的地球人口都有得吃。他們在「科學」期刊上發表一篇研究報告示警說，隨著作物產量減少、病蟲害增加、水資源需求高漲和高度脆弱的作物消失，全球飢餓問題將惡化，「整個食物系統都得改變」。Coping, Carter said, would “require fundamental changes in how food is produced, how land is used, who lives where and what economic activities occur in specific areas.”卡特說，處理這個問題「必須在食物生產、土地利用、居住範圍和特定區域的經濟活動等方面徹底改變」。Those changes are already happening worldwide. After growing coffee for generations, farmers in parts of Costa Rica are switching to oranges. Kenyan herders, facing intense droughts, are raising camels instead of cattle. In China’s drought-prone Fujian province, farmers who grew wheat and corn have switched to apples.這些改變已在全球各地發生。哥斯大黎加部分地區的農民在種植咖啡幾個世代後，改種柑橘。肯亞的牧人面對嚴重乾旱，從養牛改為養駱駝。在中國大陸容易發生乾旱的福建省，原本種小麥和玉米的農民改種蘋果。Source article: https://paper.udn.com/udnpaper/POH0067/345636/web/#2L-15722568L